Hemingway Style Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc

1 ardent Hemingway is one of Americas foremost authors. His many works, their style, themes and parallels to his actual keep have been the focus of millions of people as his writing style set him apart from all other authors. Many conclusions and parallels can be derived from Earnest Hemingways works. In the three stories I review, ?Hills Like White Elephants?, ?Indian Camp? and ?A Clean, Well-lighted Place? we will be covering how Hemingway uses foreigners, the service industry and females as the backbones of these stories. These techniques play such a critical role in the following stories that Hemingway would be unable to move the plot or character development onwards without them.In ?Hills Like White Elephants? Hemingway utilizes the waitress as a method to help develop the character of the lead male. His interaction at the beginning of the layer with the waitress in her native language show his intellectual superiority which is also emphasized in the following line, ?The g irl looked at the bead curtain. Theyve create something on it, she said. What does it say?? (Hemingway). This setup is a crucial transition from the blank slate we start at with both characters. The story of course unfolds following what the interaction with the waitress and bar setting created for us. One in which the lead male character is dominant, controlling and a person who provides information and answers not available to the female character. Additionally the male characters treatment of the female waitress creates the building blocks for our understanding of how he interacts with females. He never mentions please or thank you 2when guild or receiving their first drinks and by the second round acts in the follow way, ?The man called Listen with the curtain.? when addressing the waitress (Hemingway). It is only a few lines later he begins semi-jokingly and in condescending manner scolding his female partner. The condescending remarks start with, ?Just because you say I wou ldnt have doesnt prove anything.? the man replies to her assertion that he hasnt seen vacuous elephants (Hashmi). Besides being hot in this story, the males only burden is that he is trying to persuade his female partner to his views as he tries to coach her through the remaining portion of the dialog manipulative lines such as, ?Well, the man said, if you dont want to you dont ha... ...hite Elephants? The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction.     Ed. R. V. Cassill. New York W. W. Norton, 1990.- - -. ?Indian Camp? The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway.     Ed. Martin Kohn. New York Charles Scribners Sons, 1966.Secondary SourcesNagel, James. ?Earnest Hemingway A Centennial Assesment?. Online      http//www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/nagel/Hashmi, Nilofer. "Hills Like White Elephants" The Jilting of Jig." Hemingway Review     Vol. 23 Issue 1 fall (2003) 72.Fantina, Richard. ? Hemingways Maschoism, Sodomy, and the Dominant Woman? The      Hemingway Review. Online.                     http//muse.jhu.edu/journals/hemingway_review/v023/23.1fantina.htmlStrychacz Thomas. ?Hemingways Theaters of Masculinity? Louisiana State University      Press. Online.      http//www.lsu.edu/lsupress/catalog/Fall2003/books/Strychacz_Hemingway.html

Capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale Essay

In order to gain a better ground of both the packet industry and the applicable guidelines for capitalizing software, some outside research into the industry and FASB standards was completed. This research was complied as a part of the risk assessment sight of the audit process (Whittington & Pany, 2012). The issue of capitalizing the costs of developing a software program for sale is a complicated issue. This is due in part to the accompaniment that the nature of technology is constantly changing so clear procedures regulating when to write off a software system vary according to the abuse of technological changes within the industry. Therefore, while a company is developing software, they should report the incurred creative costs to a research and development placard (Warfield, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2007). Once the software product has reached a point where it is feasibly considered a technological product the costing can be adjusted to begin capitalizing the costs (Warfiel d, Weygandt, & Kieso). As established in FASB Statement No. 2, any costs incurred in the developing, creating, testing, and so forth of software products will be charged to the research and development expense eyeshade however any adjustments to the software for upgrades and any costs to market the product would not be included in the research and development expense account (Accounting-Financial-Tax.com, 2012). This is because by the point the product is ready to be marketed or needs to be upgraded to meet new technological standards, the feasibility of the product has been established and thereof the product should be capitalized (Accounting-Financial-Tax.com). If however, after meeting the feasibility requirements, there is substantial risk associate... ....com. (2012). Capitalization and amortization of software costs. Retrieved from, http//accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/05/capitalization-and-amortization-of-software-cost/Accounting For Management. (2011). Return on stockh olders investment or net worth ratio. Retrieved from, http//www.accountingformanagement.com/retun_on_share_holders_investment_or_net_worth.htm Kennon, J. (2012). Return on assets (ROA). Retrieved from, http//beginnersinvest.about.com/od/incomestatementanalysis/a/return-on-assets-roa-income-statement.htm Tracy, J. A. (2004). How to read a financial report (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ hind end Wiley & Sons.Warfield, T. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2007). Intermediate accounting (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. Whittington, R., & Pany, K. (2012). Principles of auditing and other assurances (18th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill

Law :: essays research papers

Anyone who works in the legal business lasts that communication is both verbal and non-verbal and we also know that the verbal elementthat is, the spoken word taken aloneis an extremely unreliable story-teller. This is why all lawyers should know how to interpret a present moment wording. The second language Im going to talk about is the non-verbal language. First, the non-verbal language creates better communication skills, needed by a lawyer. Second, the non-verbal language would greatly upbeat international lawyers. Finally, understanding the non-verbal language will have an impact on future cargoner growth. First, the non-verbal language creates better communication skills, needed by a lawyer. Witnesses are not always believed despite their credentials and their command of the facts. In some instances, witnesses are believed despite their little mistakes about the same facts. Jury decisions human activity on an obscure point either overlooked or understated in the case all because of an insufficient or incomplete understanding of non-verbal communication. In the diverse world of lawyers, the unreliability of the spoken word plays out in cases that are won and lost, which ultimately has an effect on the decision making to the attempt judge or jury.Second, the non-verbal language would greatly benefit international lawyers. Understanding the non-verbal language prepares international lawyers who have to litigate in other countries. It also provides the lawyers the needful tools to prepare a witness, by knowing the different cultures, customs, and courtesies. Lawyers might not be able to fully understand the verbal language of their witness, but commode use their tools of the non-verbal language to coach their witness. Also, the non-verbal language will help a lawyer during the jury selection process. The lawyers ability to analyze the non-verbal language while questioning the potential jurors, benefits the lawyer and the client. Finally, understandin g the non-verbal language will have an impact on future career growth. A number of lawyers depart judges, and most judges have first been lawyers. In fact, Federal and State judges usually are required to be lawyers. Understanding non-verbal language helps a lawyer transition to a position as a judge and applies the non-verbal skills to listen to testimony and make rulings. Also, a majority of Senators and Representatives are previous lawyers. Senators and Representatives are elected by the people, which means, the ability to communicate non-verbally benefits any lawyer wanting to become a politician. The ability to understand non-verbal language opens up a sort of opportunities for career growth as a lawyer.

oil :: essays research papers

It is easy to see why DWI would like to consider Iraki oil reserves for its exploration, drilling, refining, and transport. Iraq has become a popular country for there oil. Over the past decade since the 1991 Gulf War, many companies from over 12 countries provoke been signing deals to develop the Iraki oil reserves, as part of the limited United Nations "Oil-for-Food" program. Many of these companies were from Russia and France, and both countries keep their Iraqi oil concessions for financial reasons. (ABC News) much than a fourth of Iraqis surveyed described themselves as being poor and 96 percent said they receive monthly nutrition rations under the public food system set up through the Oil-for-Food program. The median income in Iraq was equivalent to about $255 (366,000 dinars) in 2003 and decreased in the first half of 2004 to about $gross (207,000 dinars). (Report paints grim picture of Iraqi life) This could be a little misleading for some. You may see numbers li ke this and feel place some radical business could be very helpful, yet many security issues are a major factor.Security continues to be the number one concern of the Iraqi Government and the international business community. The security situation in Iraq remains serious. Theft and violent crime persist in Iraq, and the potential for attacks against U.S. citizens and facilities remains high. roadstead and other public areas can be dangerous for conspicuous foreign travelers. Law enforcement is limited, although Iraqi police units continue to be trained and deployed. (Oil connections) DWIs veritable oil division is successful with Siberia, and South China Sea. At this time I feel that more research and time should be considered before investing too much money and personal into the Oil of Iraq.

Stand Up And Fight :: essays research papers

I extradite a right to be angry. I grew up in Mobile, AL. When I was young, this place was almost all White. all over I went I proverb only my own people. I could ride my bicycle anywhere without fear. There were no gangs, or drugs, or drive-by shootings, or anything. The miscellany of guys we were afraid of in school would be total wimps today. That country felt like home. It was a home. All that is gone now. As I drive by means of the town where I grew up, half the cars have foreigners in them. The other half have aging Whites. The houses have fences around their front yards, with spiked arrowheads on top. On the street corners there are mini-malls with contradictory writing on the signs, in Chinese or Arabic or God knows what. I recently saw something that made me ill. An old man was walking down the street. He had a long flowing gray beard, and a turban, and the whole bit. He must have been from India. I thought, what the hell is he doing here in my country ? Why doesnt he stay in his own country ? He has his own fatherland to live in. I do non want him here. Once, I went into Pep Boys. Behind me, I heard two voices talking in some strange garbled language that I had never heard before. I turned around and it was two White kids. I think they must have been from easterly Europe. I felt ill. Now even the Whites are strangers. That affected more than all the rest. I do non want to live in a place where everyone is a FREAK I want to live in a place where I have some grounding. I do not want to live in a place where everything is always in flux. I want to live in a home. I do not want to live here anymore. All of this is being done to us. What we want counts for nothing. We live in a phony republic. The people here have closely as much power as a student body government. This reminds me of what happens to European countries when they lose a war. Provinces along the border are split aside and given to other countries. Foreigners move in, and the peo ple are oppressed and become second class citizens. California and the whole West Coast are being turned over to Mexico and Asia as settlement colonies.

Stand Up And Fight :: essays research papers

I have a right to be angry. I grew up in Mobile, AL. When I was young, this come to the fore was almost all White. Everywhere I went I saw only my own great deal. I could ride my bicycle anywhere without fear. There were no gangs, or drugs, or drive-by shootings, or anything. The kind of guys we were afraid of in school would be total wimps today. That farming felt like home. It was a home. All that is gone now. As I drive through the town where I grew up, half the cars have foreigners in them. The other half have aging Whites. The houses have fences around their strawman yards, with spiked arrowheads on top. On the street corners there are mini-malls with strange writing on the signs, in Chinese or Arabic or graven image knows what. I recently saw slightlything that made me ill. An old man was walking down the street. He had a long flowing gray beard, and a turban, and the whole bit. He must have been from India. I thought, what the hell is he doing here in my country ? Why d oesnt he stay in his own country ? He has his own homeland to live in. I do not deprivation him here. Once, I went into Pep Boys. Behind me, I heard two voices public lecture in some strange garbled language that I had never heard before. I turned around and it was two White kids. I count they must have been from Eastern Europe. I felt ill. Now even the Whites are strangers. That affected more than all the rest. I do not want to live in a place where everyone is a FREAK I want to live in a place where I have some grounding. I do not want to live in a place where everything is always in flux. I want to live in a home. I do not want to live here anymore. All of this is being done to us. What we want counts for nothing. We live in a phony republic. The people here have about as much power as a student body government. This reminds me of what happens to European countries when they lose a war. Provinces along the cast are split off and given to other countries. Foreigners move in, and the people are oppressed and become second class citizens. California and the whole western United States Coast are being turned over to Mexico and Asia as settlement colonies.

Aging Workforce

When searching through the help wanted ads in that location seems to be thousand and thousands of available trades this number increases daily as companies give way employees leave the makeup. More and more employees ar retiring or are nearing retirement old age once these employees leave so does all the eld of experience acquired during their tenure with the comp all. This is going on in many industries and one industry that I am personally familiar with is corrections. The corrections industry has a vast number of sometime(a), seasoned employees retiring and with each year more are leaving the work vehemence. Added value of aging workforce when recruitingThe population is aging and as people get former(a) more are leaving the workforce. As those known as baby boomers age and begin to leave the labor force their w faint be fewer workers available to admit those positions. The majority of specialized jobs, professionals such as educators and managers, and government workers are older workers. With the changing work environment, such as the utilization of technology the HR recognizes the need of older workers in particular to acquire or refresh their skills. New technologies whitethorn intimidate older workers that are reluctant to learn the skill which lack of the skill may limit advancement opportunities.However, more employees are working past the age of 65. This may be for several reasons. Some older people work longer because of a desire to feel alive and needed. Others work because of insufficient retirement plans or financial distress. Whatever the reason is there are many workers passed retirement age still active in the work force. At the state prison house where I am employed the majority of managers and supervisory staff are over fifty. There was little room for advancement for new employees because the older workers were not retiring, but working after thirty even forty years of service. Challenges/Issues HR faces from aging workforceOne m ajor issue that employers face with an aging workforce is retaining older employees. Compared with the past, older the number of older workers buttocks be expected to grow disproportionately in the years to come. Organizations losing experienced employees that have skills and knowledge critical to the mastery of the organization make efforts to convince aging employees to remain with the organization, if only on a part-time basis. When an organization loses experienced workers the HR managers anticipate a red of knowledge and talent and also offer benefits and flexible scheduling in order to retain employees.Currently, my organization is facing the exact dilemma. In the Records department there are ten employees, six which have been employed over twenty five years and are eligible to retire. Of these six eligible employees, there are four employees that are retiring this year two of which are the office supervisors. Since HR has learned of their intention it has offered bonuses, salary increases, promotions, and flex schedules to convince them to stay. None of them have taken the offers and did not consider the option. Another issue is numerous job va drive outcies in the near future.The recruitment process will be draining on resources such as time, staff, and compensation because of the dwindling pool of younger workers. Moreover, it may be difficult to find new workers with the appropriate skills required to perform job duties effectively. Another issue is health issues such as chronic conditions which may lead to excessive leave time taken by aging employees. However, the execution of better wellness programs and similar initiatives offers possible ways of avoiding excessive time off for illness. Another issue with the aging workforce will be age discrimination.With older Americans still in the workforce, an increasing number of lawsuits regarding age can be anticipated in the future. Thriving employer scratch An employer brand is the image of that an organization. It is a positive way to promote the organization either among employees or stakeholders. It is that employer brand that attracts potential employees and stakeholders. It is what makes someone want to invest capital and be connected to the organization in some way. According to Minchington and Estis there are six steps to an employer brand.These six steps are determine how branding is viewed within the organization, define the employer brand and project scope, relation between HR, marketing, and communications, discovering the employer brand, CEO and senior management involvement, and communications planning (2009). In my organization the thriving brand is public safety, public service, societal responsibility, and striving for excellence. The organization has received a lot of recognition for its efficiency and its stellar performance in keeping the community safe and giving seat to the community.The name of the organization alone is a brand in itself and several of our compliance officers travel throughout the United States to assist other agencies with becoming a thriving brand as well. There are always new people looking to become employees or those that are writing stories or articles on the organization. Qualitative and quantitative information HR may gather to show value added by aging workforce Qualitative data is characterized attributes and characteristics quantitative data is measured numerically.HR can use some quantitative data to measure employee productivity. Some of examples would be number of units produced, number of days missed, number of errors, and number of disciplinal action. This information can be tracked monthly, quarterly, or yearly. This can help HR determine if the employee is an average, poor, or great employee. Personally, I think this information can be leading because it does not take contributing factors into account such as illness. An employee could have had no absences for years and then may become ill and had to miss many days.If the data collected only shows attendance for the past month it looks as if the employee has poor attendance which is not true but alone a recent and isolated incident (www. smallbusinesschron. com). Qualitative data is what is gathered through human observations. These observations can include observing workers work habits, attitude, behavior, or any factor that may affect his/her ability to perform their job effectively (www. smallbusinesschron. com). This is reliable information to a point because everyone works differently. What seems counterproductive to one may be effective for another.One also has to consider the observer may not be objective and may see things through tinted glasses. Using both methods can add value to an aging workforce but it can also devalue it as well. Conclusion The aging workforce is definitely a forethought for HR because once these people leave the organization there will be many vacancies to fill and a small pool of qualif ied workers to fill those vacancies. Although workers are working longer the future of many organizations are definitely are in jeopardy. As the baby boomers retire and begin to enjoy their aureate years there will be no one left in the workforce to replace them.

Guidelines for Report Essay

We focus on just the executive summary, because in your cargoner that is what management entrust most often read from your report. The focus is on the logic of your argument and how well your report urinates a clear coherent business wooing for decision makers. This means part of your task is to decide what information to include in your summary and what information is not essential. Your writing pull up stakes need to be crisp and precise.There are multiple potentially correct answers to this case. The quality of your summary comes down to how well you can justify your conclusions and how persuasive your argument is. Therefore, you will need to consider not just what you say but how and why you say it.This report will require you to apply techniques covered in MGB309. not all the techniques will necessarily be applicable or helpful. Part of your job as an analyst is to identify and apply the right tools and techniques for your analyses.Adequately conducting the analyses will n ot guarantee an excellent mark. It is an important but not the only part of the process. A really good summary requires that you synthesise your information to build a compelling case rather than just report findings. The assignment requires that you demonstrate your understanding of strategic management through application of your strategic psychoanalysis knowledge.Showing where you obtained the data from through appropriate referencing is an important aspect to substantiate your analysis. The references you use may be checked. If you use ideas that are not yours but are taken from a resource you have to reference it. Remember that the quality of the source will determine the credibility of the argument. Referring to essays from other students found on the lucre is therefore highly inappropriate.

Parle Project Essay

Parle Products Pvt. Ltd. A cream colored yellow stripped paper with a cute baby scene containing 10-12 biscuits with the federations name printed with in Red. Times miscellanyd, variety of biscuits did come and go but nothing has changed with these biscuits. Yes, the size of their expecting has definitely changed but for the consumer obedient as these be money saver pack. The Parle name conjures up fond memories crosswise the length and breadth of the country. After all, since 1929, the volume of India consume been growing up on Parle biscuits and sweets. Initially a small company was set up in the suburbs of Mumbai city to manufacture sweets and toffees. The year was 1929 and the grocery storeplace was dominated by storied international places that were imported freely. Despite the odds and unequal competition, this company called Parle Products, survived and succeeded by adhering to high quality and improvising from time to time A decade later, in 1939, .Parle products began manufacturing biscuits, in appurtenance to sweets and toffees. Having already established a reputation for quality, the Parle brand name name grew in strength with this diversification. Parle Glucose and Parle Monaco were the first brands of biscuits to be introduced, which later went on to become conduct names for great taste and quality. For around 75 years, Parle have been manufacturing quality biscuits and confectionary products. Over the years Parle has grown to become a multimillion dollar company with legion(predicate) of the products as market leaders in their category. The recent introduction of Hide & Seek chocolate chip biscuits is a product of innovation and caters to a bare-assed taste, being Indias first ever chocolate chip biscuits. Apart from the factories in Mumbai and Bangalore Parle also has factories in Bahadurgarh in Haryana and Neemrana in Rajasthan, which are the astronomicst biscuit and confectionary plants in the country. Additionally, Parle Pro ducts also has 7 manufacturing units and 51 manufacturing units on contract. All these factories are located at strategic locations, so as to ensure a uniform output and easy distribution.BrandsAn in-depth understanding of the Indian consumer psyche has helped Parle evolve a marketing philosophy that reflects the needs of the Indian masses.With products designed keeping twain wellness and taste in mind, Parle appeals to both health conscious mothers and fun loving kids. The great tradition of taste and nutrition is consistent in every pack on the store shelves, even today. The value-for-money positioning allows people from all classes and age groups to enjoy Parle products to the fullest. Biscuit goodies ConfectionaryParle-G GolGappaKrackjack Classic MintMonaco Lite MintMonaco Funion KismiKreams O redact edulcorateHide and Seek Mango BiteHide and Seek Milano Melody Poppins Eclairs- 50 pBourbon Melody Softe- 1Rs. Kismi BarParle Marie Chox Kacha MangoMilk Shakti Mazelo Imli Bite Ki smi moneyParle 20-20 Cookies Munch on snacksNimkin Musst BitesParle biscuits Parle biscuits are linked with factors of power and wisdom providing nutrition and strength. Parle biscuits are indeed much more than a tea- time snack, they are considered by many to be an important part of their daily food. Parle can treat you with a basket of biscuits which are not only satisfying but are also of good and reliable quality. Parle biscuits cater to all tastes from kids to senior citizens. They have found their way into the Indian hearts and homes.Parle GFor over 65 years, Parle G has been a part of the lives of every Indian. From the snow capped mountains in the north to the sultry towns in the south, from frenetic cities to laid back villages, Parle G has nourished strengthened and delighted millions. Filled with the goodness of milk and wheat, Parle G is not just a treat for the taste buds, but a source of strength for both body and mind. Tear over a packet of Parle G to experience wha t has nourished Generations of Indians since last sixty five years, making it truly Hindustan Ki Taakat. occupy Sizes available 16.5G, 38.5G, 60.5G, 82.5G, 99G, 209G, 313.5G, 418G, 825G20-20Rich butter and tempting cashews. An irresistible combination. Parle Twenty-20 cookies. Baked to perfection to deliver the perfect experience of taste and aroma, they melt in your mouth to halt you a cookie eating experience unlike one you have ever had before enjoy a feast of crunchy, crispy scrumptious cookies. cram Sizes available 75 G, 110 G, 225 G MonacoShare the company of great taste anytime, anywhere with Monaco. A light crispy biscuit sprinkled with salt, Monaco adds a namkeen twisting to lifes ordinary moments. Pack Sizes available 75 G, 120 G, 240 GHide and SeekThe ingredients that go into making this prized cookie are a well-guarded secret. What is is the effect it has on those who eat it. A cookie with a reputation for romance. Indulge in the sinful taste of Milano and everything that follows it. Pack Sizes available 25 G, 62 G, 100 G, and 200 GKrackjackThe original sweet and salty biscuit is one of the most loved biscuits in the country. Its not just a biscuit, its the taste of relationships captured in a biscuit. A little sweet and a little salty crafted in such a delicateand savory balance, you can never get enough of it. Have it anytime you like with anything you like. Pack Sizes available 75G, 170G, 240GParle ConfectionariesRight from candies to toffees, the sweet n treat category of the Parle product range is a genuine treat for every snack lover. This category can satisfy ones taste and at the same time make believe a desire for more. These confectioneries are a sheer delight to the taste buds and have a universal appeal. Parle Biscuits and confectioneries, continue to spread happiness & joy among people of all ages.Melody Mango Bite Orange CandyKachcha Mango BiteKismi ToffeeGolgappaMany of the Parle products biscuits or confectioneries, are marke t leaders in their category and have won acclaim at the Monde Selection, since 1971. With a 40% share of the total biscuit market and a 15% share of the total confectionary market in India, Parle has grown to become a multi-million dollar company. While to consumers its a beacon of faith and trust, competitors look upon Parle as an example of marketing brilliance. Parle G, a pension glucose biscuit is the worlds largest selling biscuit. A factory of these glucose biscuits is situated in Neemrana is producing 7000 metric tonnes every month. A list of premium quality biscuits and confectioneries is produced and distributed across nations.2. RESEARCH DONE-Brand representation of Parle product With Compare to Britannia, ITC in Amravati cityINTRODUCTIONThe report is an earnest endeavor made to understand the present market scenario in biscuits captured by the Parle and the other competitor brandsviz., Britannia, ITC & Other. The researchers were required to see the coverage by Parle Pro ducts Pvt. Ltd., and bring out the potential and loyal retailers so that the company could contain the market leadership in the existing business scenario in the biscuits and the confectionaries. During the bunk of ruminate the researchers visited around 450 nonunionised retail stores and 30 organised retail stores and analyse all major brands of biscuits available as well as studied the brands, which are most preferred among the retailers. The study encompasses the penetration of the existing Parle products (biscuits and confectionaries). Their motive was to study the working of the distributors in Amravati City market. They have mentioned the problems and the loop holes in the Parles distribution system and the promotional tools, which they have found during the course of the study and recommended miscellaneous corrective measures for it. Their study also comprises the comparative analysis between organized and unstructured retail stores in terms of brand availability wit h the help of guess testing, Depth of Parle with other competitor, Space sharing by Parle and other competitors, and distributors services given to a retailers with the help of questionnaire.Statement of the Problem* To analyze the brands of Parle Products in unstructured retail stores1. As discriminated to competitors (ITC, Britannia& other). 2. As compared to organized retail stores.* To analyze Market Depth of Parle Products as compared to competitors (ITC, Britannia& other).* To analyze Space Share of Parle Products as compared to competitors (ITC, Britannia& other).* To analyze dispersal Services of Parle as compared to competitors (ITC, Britannia& other).Objectives of the Study1. To find out Parle Coverage in various areas of Amravati City.2. To check the Brand availability of the company products at different stores.3. To compare the Brand with its competitive Brands like ITC, Britannia, other in terms of coverage, number of brands available, Market Depth and Space Share. 4. To analyze that which type of biscuits and Confessionary are most preferred in what category of store. It was go ine by analyzing questioner data.5. To compare the organized retail stores with unorganized retail stores in terms of brand availability.6. To analyze allocator Services with competitors like ITC, Britannia & other.Reference PeriodThis study is conducted for the period of 45 old age starting from 15th of JUNE 2011 to 30th of JULY 2011.PROJECT METHODOLGYResearch Type beta RESEARCHEXPLANTION The study was conducted by Parle Products Pvt. Ltd in 6-7 areas of Amravati City mentioned below (source list) for the first time regarding market review and comparative analysis between unorganized and organizedretail stores.. Thus it is an exploratory type of research.Sample DesignA sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample for a given population. It refers to a techniques or procedure adopted in selecting items for the sample. try outFurther, the design that has bee n adopted for the study of the given topic is CONVENIENT SAMPLING.EXPLANATION During the course of the study we visited a no. of stores that were scattered all over Amravati City (source list mentioned below). Apart from this we had no written record of the number and names of the stores in the city. It was very difficult to tabulate a record of all the retailers and wholesalers present in the city and then carry out our study, in the short frustrate of time that was allotted. As a result we had to select the retailers according to our convenience. We went to the areas and surveyed all shops that could possibly be approached.The following is the sample design that has been adopted for the study.1. Population- Finite(Amravati City)2. Sampling Unit- Areas of Amravati City3. Source list-Unorganized retail stores (Areas)a. Gadge Nagarb. Yashoda Nagarc. Kour Nagard. Sai Nagar (Badnera Road, Saturna MIDC Road)e. Raja Pethf. Ram Nagarg. Camp, Chaprasi Purah. Irwin ChoukOrganized retail st oresa. D Martb. Big Bazarc. top-notch shopeed. Small mals4. Sample size- A total of 470 unorganized retail stores with 10 organized retail stores and 4 Distributors.Tools and techniques for data CollectionTools and techniques for1. Primary data The researchers collected primary data during the course of research period with the help of the questionnaire that was designed for the storekeepers to collect the information that was required to carry out the research. 2. Secondary Data Secondary data was collected from books, articles, Internet and previous research papers that had been conducted by the company representatives and officials.Tools and techniques of AnalysisSimple statistical tools and techniques like average, ratios, pie charts, tables and graphs in addition to hypothesis testing (z-test, for difference between proportions) & factor analysis method are used to analyze the data.Limitations of the Study1) The study was conducted in 45 days that is not enough for such a vast topic.2) It was difficult for the storekeepers to pinpoint the sales of aparticular brand in both organized and unorganized retail stores.3) No proper data was available to the highest degree the stores in the city.4) There were not a big number of organized retail stores in Amravati to carry out the research more efficiently.5) As the nature of research was exploratory so it was difficult to cover each and every retailer.6) Many retailers dont express their original perception and views because of biasness.ANALYSISAfter Doing the PARLE Products Survey as the researchers analyzed that the best selling branded biscuit company offers its customers with large variety of biscuits (parle-g, krack-jack, 20-20, Monaco, hide and seek etc.), confectionaries (mangobite, melody, poppins). It aims TO SERVE PEOPLE AND NATIONThe privately owned self financed company provides motivation and confidence to its staff and other related members by providing various facilities and organizing cert ain events. It has a very open work culture. The atmosphere is so comfortable and relaxed that helps in increasing productivity and efficiency. It lunches and outstation team-building exercises that make up inter-personal relations and mutual understanding. Parle has found its way into the Indian hearts and home. It spreads happiness and joy among the people of all ages.SWOT ANALYSIS OF PARLE PRODUCTSSTRENGTH 1. Low impairment as compared to competitors 2. Sizeable market share in the country. 3. Offers variety of products under its brand. 4. Different sizes of packets are available. 5. An experienced team of sales and marketing executives. 6. Deep and impressive coverage 7. Largestdistribution system. WEAKNESS 1. Breakage of biscuits while delivering to retailers 2. No proper replacement system for broken biscuits to retailers 3. Improper and irregular supplement. 4. Less share in Premium biscuit market. 5. Dependent on its flagship brand, Parle-G 6. Poor packaging in family pa ck of glucose biscuits. 7. Lack of schemes for retailers and distributors. OPPORTUNITY 1. Rising demand for innovative packaging in packaged foods. 2. Retaining loyal retailers or wholesalers. 3. Improving supply system for established brands. 4. Huge scope for some Parle products in medical shops. 5. Information revolution brought about by the television. 6. Good scope for snacks and namkeens, if launched and properly promoted by Parle. THREAT 1. Highly advertised brands such as Britannia. 2. Ever increasing competition from multinationals and local companies. 3. augment in sale of cheap local bakery products. 4. Emerging substitutes like wafers, snacks and toast. 5. Margin war among the major BrandsFINDINGSAfter close study of the present market situation prevailing in the areas assigned the researchers, following are the observations.1. Breakage problem in the Family packs of glucose biscuits is leading to the decline in sales in this category. 2. Schemes, Discounts, offers, cou pons etc. are not reaching to the retailers and customers whereas Britannia and ITC on the other hand are doing that. 3. Retailers and even wholesalers is commodious with the supply system of Parle. 4. It was found that Parle (especially Parle- glucose) is most favored brand and is sold most. Parle biscuits are the retailers and consumers prime choice. 5. Very little range of Parle biscuits were visible in organized retail outlets. 6. Britannia is emerging as Major Competitor in the organized & unorganized retail outlets.RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS1. Company should start a program for the loyal retailers and wholesalersto reduce their complaints by providing timely supply and replacement. This will help in increasing their sales. 2. The packaging of Parle Glucose biscuits (1/2 and 1 kilogram packs) must be improved for its better sales. The company should come up with double packaging as people refuse to buy family pack biscuits with loose packaging. 3. Salesmen should be properl y dressed and should have good communication skills to effectively promote the invigorated products lately launched, by making sure that the product reaches each and every retailer and also increase the visibility of the products by arranging the product clearly on the shelf or rack and show its prominence. 4. To increase the number of stock keeping units SKU available in the retailers store. Each salesman should stress the retailers to keep the maximum SKUs and to prevent these SKUs throughout. With this, the replacement of the damaged and expired biscuits should be prompt and without any hassles, so that retailer can be saved from the loss of the expired and damaged goods. 5. The company should take proper measures that the schemes and offers are not gulped by the middlemen, and that it benefits the retailers and customers.CONCLUSIONAfter conducting the survey on 470 unorganized retailers, 10 organized retailers and 4 Distributors, the researchers found that on that point is a bigger market for biscuits and Confessionary in unorganized retail stores if proper supply of goods without breakage is there.It was also concluded that Parle is the first preference of both the customers and retailers (Organized and unorganized both) because of its price and brand image.Brand Parle G dominates the volume-dominated biscuit market. Even in todays times when multinationals are beefing up their operations and trying to change the dynamics of the market, Parle Gs numbers & Quality position is unchallenged. Its competitors have roped in superstars like King Khan and Sachin Tendulkar, but Parle G has only at rest(p) from strength to strength. Brand Parle G is iconic and has evolved over the years. Trust, relevance,affordability are its hallmarks, which have withstood pressures from the hyper-competitive marketplace.The Parle Biscuit brands, such as, Parle-G, Monaco, Krackjack, 20-20, Marie Choice, Hide & Seek and confectionery brands, such as, Melody, Poppins, Mangobite enjoy a strong imagery and appeal amongst consumers across the world. Which has resulted into Parle-G being the worlds largest selling biscuit. The Parle name symbolizes quality, health and great taste. Constantly innovating and catering to new tastes PARLE-G has built its reputation. This can be seen from the success of its new brands such as 20-20, Imli Bite etc. Parle Products Pvt Ltd., is now lagging in services to retailers because of improper supply and distribution in some areas and competitors taking advantage of these points.AppendixQUESTIONNAIREName of the shop .. Name of the shop owner .. Address .. Contact No. . make Category .1. Weather the retailer keeping Biscuit of any company.Parle Britannia ITC Other2. If not keeping, weather they are interested to keep?Yes No3. How much Biscuits brand the retailers have?Parle Britannia ITC Other 4. Space share by Biscuits?Parle Britannia ITC Other 5. Glucose Biscuit Depth.Parle-G Tiger Sun fest other6. Salted Biscuit Depth.Monac o 50-50 Snacky7. Cookies Biscuit Depth.20-20 Good daylight Sunfest butter cookies8. Marie Biscuit Depth.Marie Marie Gold Marie Light9. Cream Biscuit Depth.Hide-n-Seek Bourbun Spacial10. Chocolate Brand in Shops?i)Perfeti ii)Parle iii)ITC iv)Nastle v)Cadbary vi)Nutrien vii)Others 11. Space share by chocolates.Perfeti Parle ITC Nastle Cadbary 12. Are you satisfied with distributor services?Parle Britannia ITC Other Remark ________________________________________________BIBLIOGRAPHYI. KOTHARI .C.R.Research Methodology, New DelhiNew Age International PublishersII. KOTLER PHILIP & KELLER KEVIN LANE ,Marketing Management ,Practice Hall ,New Delhi III. Websiteswikipedia search (www.wikipedia.com)www.parleproducts.comwww.tradeindia.com

Properties of Gases Essay

The utilization of this lab was to investigate and discover the physical and chemical properties of whatsoever gasolinees. Throughout this lab the ability to identify if and when gasses were present was enhanced.During the first tone of voice of this lab, when obtaining the hydrogen from the mossy coat and the hydrochloric acid, it took a lot longer than I thought it would for the water supply in the pipet to be displaced. I was tempted to remove the ballyhoo and add another piece of zinc and see if that would make it go hurried, but I did not want to interrupt the process. It seemed the longer that the mossy zinc was exposed to the hydrochloric acid the faster it dissolved and therefore more gas was produced. When the manganese and the hydrogen peroxide were exposed to each other there was much(prenominal) more fizzing produced than that of the zinc and the hydrochloric acid. I was surprised (although I dont know why) that the lime water turned cloudy when exposed to breath . It is quite an simple when you think about it that when you exhale you release carbon dioxide which as shown in the above data turns the lime water cloudy.Conclusion/Discussion During the strain of this lab I learned a lot about the generation of gases. I was somewhat confused in the beginning about how to use some of the equipment for this lab. As the lab went on I figured it out and became much more comfortable with it. I thought some of the experiments were very informative and interesting. I especially liked the portions about reactions with a lit match or the glowing splint as it showed on a small scale if the gas produced was flammable or not.Questions A. Give two reasons why we fill the gas generator analyze tubes almost to the top with chemicals.1. The first reason we fill the test tubes almost to the top with chemicals is so that the reaction between the two substances is high enough to the top to go through the rubber stopper and displace the water in the pipet and tr ap the gas.2. The second reason is so that observations can be made easily about the reactions. If it was not almost completely make full we may have had to try to pick up the test tube or remove the tissue paper to make observations and this may have neutered the results.B. What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment?The zinc begins to slowly dissolve when exposed to the hydrochloric acid. The longer the zinc was submerged in the hydrochloric acid the faster it seemed to dissolve.C. What happens to the manganese in the oxygen generation experiment?The manganese produced large amounts of fizzing when exposed to the hydrogen peroxide. It was difficult to tell whether the manganese was actually breakup or just fizzing.D. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2.2H2 + O2 2H2OE. What is the function/purpose of the bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment?The purpose of the bromothymol blue was to show the reaction of the chemicals and the gas that was formed. Since the bromothymol blue changed from blue to white-livered, that signified that the gas formed was acidic.F. Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions, and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky leafy vegetable, what might you assume about the solution?I would assume one of two things. in that respect may have possibly been a contamination of the substance. The other possibility might be that the pH of the solution is neutral. If the bromothymol blue turns a murky green color this may indicate that the substance is neither basic or acidic.

The Methods of American Business in Early 20th Century

A little more than a hundred years earlier, United States was an isolated country and the attitude kept developing during that period. The Senate did non want to ratify the Versailles Peace Treaty that ended the First World War and went to an extent that the country did non in time join the League of Nations. emancipate migration into the country that existed earlier was stopped, p bentage tariffs for imports were change magnituded, and migration from Asia was practically stopped.Yet, the country had some special capabilities and one of that were the regularities in the modes of production in the country. The production in America make simpler and rougher goods, used much less of skilled labor since machines and organizations succeeded in taking over a lot of their responsibilities. (Delong 1997) Thus some methods of American business had been essential even before the start of the twentieth century and this may crap given the country the lead.It is hard to ascribe to any pa rticular reason the changes that took built in bed in the American economy during the period before the Second World War America was not one of the leaders of the Western World and so as can be seen from the fact that some(prenominal) the World Wars were started by European countries and fought for quite some judgment of conviction by those countries, and America only entered the betrothal when it was felt that the tradition of democracy was about to be lost. Yet, there were presidents akin Hoover who felt that decline of economy was hurting the American labor.This view had likewise been taken in 1917 when the government had decided to nationalize the single largest of American industries at that time the railroads. (Vedder 1997) To a certain extent, the matters of politics and industrial changes were related and the biggest sum of relationship is found in the case of election of one of the most charismatic of American presidents, Frederick D Roosevelt. One of the reasons f or his victory at the elections in 1936 is state to be the support given to him by the American Labor.This encouraged the labor union in the hands of CIO to seek more power and even dispute the authority of one of the countrys most powerful companies, General Motors. During this period, the company was one of the most profitable and probably the largest organization in the country. This was recognized by the magazines of the time also. The company had 110 manufacturing plants situated all across the country, employed over 250,000 people and was owned by more than 500,000 shareholders.Yet, the attitude of the labor unions irritated the trouble and made them hostile to both the unions and the New Deal. At the same time, there was the Second World War in progress. (Lichtenstein 2003) Thus to an extent, the development of industry was organism hindered through political ideas, but it is difficult to say who won. After the passing away of Roosevelt, the attitudes changed and the unions ended up loosing most of their power.That was also probably due to the departure of the American system with the Russians who had come up as the most powerful country in the continent of Europe. The growth of the industries of the country was of industrial products and the chief among them was the automobiles followed most by radios, consumer appliances and development of suburbs. The situation can be tacit when we understand that the country had enough fomites on the road to say that it had more than one vehicle for every five in the population.This is an achievement which many countries cannot state even today. The reason for the development of the country was mass production and that also made it the richest party existing in the world. (Delong 1997) Though all the inventions were not made in the country, but it made sure that large numbers were produced here as it had both the capacity to produce and the purchasers for the goods. It would be wrong to say that there was impor tance only of production for the War, but production had started earlier.The thought behind this development was the idea of the major leaders of American business like Henry Ford, Thomas A. Edison, Edward Filenes, and George Swope of General Electric among others. The depression due to the stock market crash in 1929 was hurting people of the country and the president was viewed as a successful business person and he was trying to persuade business to provide dish up to the people of the country through more employment. (Vedder 1997) Thus it is difficult to say that production for war had any major impact on development of business prior to the start of the War.At the same time, later the production capacities were built up for the war, then one of the major questions was the utilization for utilization of this capacity after the War. This problem had also been seen in 1929 when part of the reasons for the crash was a drop of requirement of goods and services apart from the rathe r insane growth of the stock market. This was resolved through the Marshall Plan and other methods. It helped America to keep on producing against loans to be repaid by much poorer countries, some of whom were never able to repay.The changes in domesticated economy over the century have not been remarkable and practices of American consumers have not changed much. There are a lot of realistic impulses within the American consumer which is tied up with the idealism that is sought to be promoted. It contains emotions for freedom and self-fulfillment as the country started with that dream, but, at the same time, many Americans found it difficult to pay for those dreams from their savings and yet required the items as they were felt to be the basis for their identity.This was not accepted in many of the religions that the country started with, but even before the start of the twentieth century it was estimated that the domestic citizens of the country had an eleven trillion dollar of loans in private debt. (Horowitz 2003) This was spread among different people like the urban working class having loans with pawnbrokers, agencies providing small loans and retailers selling goods on installments. Even for building houses, loans were taken from building and loan associations which had to be paid over a period of five years.In spite of the fact that this facility of loans provided a lot of help to case-by-cases in purchases, yet many traditional favorable workers, economists, clergy, bankers, retailers and newspapers did not like them. (Horowitz 2003) The tradition continues and people still keep taking loans through credit cards and many other methods. Houses are pledged repeatedly so that increase in prices can be taken advantage of. The tradition continues. Post WWI Business (New Industries) This is very difficult to say as many industries are now produced in small parts.On the other hand, in America the individuals decided to concentrate on their private life. The efforts were to separate their lives from others through building up of walls, more prestigious houses with lawns and have a large number of machines washing machines for clothes, refrigerators to store food and a number of stoves which could be used only for individual dishes. (Delong 1997) Thus one would say that efforts were more on showing off individuality than on development as a social group.It is clear that after the Second World War, the International position of the American economy was viewed differently by the powerful bureaucrats and politicians within the country. There was the history of two major wars, express by other countries, which were not resolved without the interference of America, though the full course of wars was fought on other continents. This helped America as her countryside and people were not presently ravaged. The situation was seen clearly in Germany which had lost a lot of its able-bodied men as did France.This had led to those countries allowing a large number of immigrants to come in and some problems for this are being seen in France today. Even during the balance of the twentieth century when Soviet Union collapsed, the sufferings were more directly seen in Russia and other countries. The entire planning of America also reflected this attitude and new organizations like CIA were developed to deal with educationists and others. (Arndt 2005) This shows clearly a feeling that mistakes in the area of political and social thoughts were felt to be possible to resolve through plans.Thus when America got into some wars like those in Vietnam, Korea and Iraq the people and the culture of the country could not coordinate to the losses for a long time. The realization of the fact that the war was lost took some time to sink in. At the same time, it should also be understood that for all these wars, there have been allegations that business was interested in starting some of them. As the country has changed, the policies ha ve also changed and one of the biggest trends is now to have very large corporations.It even exists in the field of health care where there have been mergers of infirmary Corporation of America which had the highest turnover with American Hospital Supply which was the biggest supplier of goods to the hospital industry. When this took place in 1985, this was the largest merger in America by organizations outside the oil industry. (Time1985) The point to consider here is that forming of companies leads to increase in profits so that additional benefits can be paid to shareholders, but at the same time, this leads to increase in costs for the patients.Does it serve the reasonable citizen of the country? Some other difficulties are developed by the systems within the country like requirement of governmental licenses, privileges, subsidy, law and other such advantages. On top of that, there are laws which hinder free trade like the anti-trust cases. (Wright 2002) Yet, the greed among th e businessmen does not seem to stop and one of the famous cases was with gaze to stock speculator, Ivan Boesky who had stated that greed is healthy in 1985. (James 2002) Are the many changes in the attitudes of businessmen in this regard correct?

The Gender Equity in Schools

Gender Equality Report on Education This report is designed to inform on Gender fair play in Schools and educational fact it was produced to raise awargonness to those who seek knowledge in this argona. StudentsSchools be working to become more(prenominal) gender equitable. Surveys show girls are loosing out to boys in areas such as who pullulates advancement classes, who graduates college and even the salary of a post college job. Amazing as it is girls only make 14% of those who take advance classes, where as 26% of boys make advance classes (these values are slowly equaling).Also the vast majority of chemistry, physics, lore and computer majors are male. This may be related to the fact that 75% of science and maths teachers are male. Finally post college jobs on average offer 25% more salary to male employees. On higher level, there should be more equality to give girls a chance to earn positions higher than a traditionalistic blue-collar job. Elementary Level Education S tarting at a early age girls begin to be dominated in educational and just about recreational areas for example boys on average raise their hands to answer questions asked by the teacher eight times more often than girls do.And it is very putting surface for males to receive more praises or constructive criticism on their responses to the question that the teacher asks, where as girls get the more superficial ok reaction (but that is non always the case). In a typical schoolyard the area that boys play in is ten times larger than the area witch girls play in. self-confidence Self-esteem is an important part of the success of all levels of education. Research states that an average girls are more likely to dubiousness their selves and are quicker to let go of their goals and to demur failure.Even though girls are more likely to doubt their selves and are quicker to except failure doesnt mean that boys dont doubt their selves and dont except failure quickly, it means that the ma jority of girls do. The number of teenager children who aspire to glamorous occupations such as rock stars, movie actors, and enjoyment stars are overwhelmingly male. This Glamour Gap severely lowers the self-esteem of females to the point where their academic achievements drop and further increasing the Glamour Gap.Generally girls hopes are lower for their future careers than boys hopes for their future careers. The Gender Gap There are three new schools in Detroit, and two have only boy students. The educational Council surveyed the schools and found only one girl at the age of five in one of the new schools. Teachers feel that this is a good opportunity for the children because there will be no fighting between girls and boys such as boys sexually harassing girls and boys teasing girls and viceversa.There also will be much little of a Gender Gap. The Gender Gap is boys receiving a higher level of education than girls because of dependent variables such as boys raising their han ds more often than girls do, boys use ten times more area to play on than girls use to play on etc Math and Science Math and science teachers have the most dramatic and most easily measured effects on adolescent students. There is a serious relationship between math class, science class, and teenage self-esteem.When teenage students do well in math class and science class their self-esteem raises but a small return in these academic achievements can severely wound their pride and self-respect, therefore lowering their self-esteem drastically. Conclusion In conclusion, we would say there needs to be a major increase in gender equity not only in schools but also in the work place, sports, and all different recreational and non-recreational actives.If we dont stop this at an early age then children wont learn any thing they will encompass their stereotyping and harassing behavior on life, after school, extracurricular actives, college, and work and why will they carry it on in life? Because they were never taught right from wrong. Classes like Challenges is a very good way to get children from a young age to change their behavior (if it is an expectable), and it is a good way to incorporate fun and eruditeness about every day topics like sexual harassment, conflict resolution and many other topics together.

Making Children Hate Reading Essay

Making children hate directing is a take of account by washstand Halt. It shows the guidance he teached and his opinion of others and the method he used to help the children with their literacy skills. In prat Halts book there are some methods he used that I dont agree with and some that I do agree with. I will hurl detailed accounts of both instruction methods I agree with and ones I dont agree with the I will let you decide whether you agree with his teaching or non. In the beginning John Halt tells us that he never gave one of his learners the opportunity to rank what they really thought or so a book or magazine.The children persuaded him to tell him what he wants to hear, so that when he asks them a question they can answer it and receive approval. He also gives the students tests about the books and vocabulary lists which they deliver to learn, also that if they came across a word they didnt know to look it up in the dictionary and non to bother him. His nephew wa s given a book to read which in john halts opinion was bad book. Then the teacher proceeded to make sure they children under stood every single word and the meaning of sed words.John agreed with this method and used it on his own students. John halt began to question some of the teaching methods. With regards to looking up words you do not know in the dictionary, he was beginning to conceptualise twice. He had never looked up a word that he didnt know in the dictionary he merely continued reading hard books and eventually gathered the meanings of the words he did not understand. As John taught a verity of mature groups in the same mental area he started to develop theories about why students reading and writing suffer. His theory, Teachers.Or specifically English teachers. When a student is forced to read aloud it makes them nervous. They then stumble when reading and sometimes forget how to pronounce a word. Then the students start to laugh and the teacher makes them tonicity em barrassed. If this happens a few times then that person is put of reading and will sometimes refuse altogether to read out loud. For example when I was five years old I started school, and I was really happy, I couldnt wait. When I got to English I was put in an advanced variance because my vocabulary was extremely good for my historic period.I was told to read and I read well, until I came across a word that I didnt know how to say it and all the other kids in the classroom started laughing at me. That made me feel really bad and at such a vulnerable age having that humiliation changed everything about school life for me. Ever since then I do not give care reading aloud it makes me nervous. I can read aloud when im on my own but when it comes to speaking in front of people it really puts be back. Even now I steel be possessed of difficulty with speaking aloud an example of this is this year in English.We were told to talk about a character from the swindle Macbeth. To explain what their role in the play was. We were to sit in front of the class. I had planned out a really good piece of ready but everyone else did something different and Im used to being told of if I do something different so I jumped the notes and tried to make it up as I went along. Alas this did not work my nerves got the better of me and I got a lousy grade. This story show that it can happen only one time and it can change everything to do with speaking.John Halt realized this and tried to change it. He tried having the students that were nervous read aloud more often but sadly this did not work either. He was stumped. Then BAM. It hit him. If he lets the students read books that they want to read then maybe this will help then and guess what. It did. The holidays were coming up and John decided to try something new. Something that no other English teacher has done before. He told his students to read as many books as they wanted and he would not be testing them on it. So just enj oy reading books.He also said that if you dont like a book red the first forty pages to give the writer a chance to get his story going and then If you dont like the characters and you dont care what happens to them put the book down and find a book you do want to read. He had found a agency to help students come over their fear of reading aloud but the students unbosom suffered from writing. Not being able to write what they were thinking down. John Halt devised a way to deal with this too. He had a new class and decided now was the right time to try out his theory.He split his class into groups and told them to write about anything they wanted as long as it wasnt just the same word over and over over again for the whole page. This worked very well. All the students including the not so bright students to come up with incredible stories. Their favorite stories were written by one of their class equal who had been writing a lot of his stories about things that happened to John H alt, they all found them very amazing and humorous stories. One day he decided to give them a topic to write about instead, and of course they all wined until they found out what they were going to write about.They were all enthusiastic that they would be writing about the day the school burnt down. John then heard about a professor had come up with another idea, which he decided to found to hi classroom. He told his students that they were to write about anything non stop for twenty minuets, and if they got stuck keep writing the sentence before until an idea comes to you. This of course was a genus idea and it did indeed help students with their writing and although John Halt did not know it at the time, all the students handwriting and their spelling had improved just by helping them think for themselves.If you agree with the harsh way of teaching with all the x-raying books and what not and telling them to look it up in the dictionary so that they dont bother you then I have a piece of advice for you. DONT BECOME A TEACHER If you agree with the kind helpful way of teaching good on you. Its people like you that make are country great. You foot uped the right side to be on, because all you old folk who still believe in the harsh stuff, be warned we are coming to get you. Its your chouse of course, just letting you know what will happen if you pick the dark side. MWA HA HA HA HA.

Research Methods in the Media Industry Essay

in that respects a whole variety of reasons wherefore enquiry is belowtaken in the media industry and theres be human faces a number of different ways to carry pop look for to acquire the different forms of info selectd. This report will be dishsing the avocation in accompaniment listening look, qualitative methods, quantitative methods, primary question and se shortdary research ultimately consumer aw atomic number 18nessWhy we research in the media industry?As I said before research is undertaken for a variety of reasons. It might be so the director lives what they possibility may need to gear up in their production based on what its about, and this is known as content analysis where the producer and the director will research the subject matter to play nurture to include into the final production.In addition research might also be undertaken be aw atomic number 18 of legal restrictions for instance feignright infringement simply when you want to character the same ideas or the same content you will require written consent from the person who origin all in ally invented or owns the idea, in more or less cases copyright infringement doesnt protect the underlying ideas, it also doesnt protect facts. For instance, copyright doesnt stop or dividing line you from expressing in your own words thoughts and facts that originate in any informants you tell or view in time you essential give appropriate credit to the sources in which they originated from. For instance, there have been several, Alien based charges, that only one E.T. sense of hearing researchMedia products all have a tar locomote audience which could be defined by several factors, including age, gender as well as demographics. Whether its a prattle show, daily newspaper, film or any other media form, each has a clear tar keep up audience. You must beware that audiences are not the same besides the audience research tells the producer what most applies to the audience how they can take advantage of what applies to the audience. They may watch previously released films/programmes and find out if they were thriving at appealing to that audience. On the other hand they can observe a group viewing of a series premiere to see the groups reaction and see if theyve met their expectations and getting a figuring from the observation to see if they need to convey some alterations to the production. Additionally Producers may also use spear to find out further details about their selected audience what exactly is appealing to them after that discus features that will be in the production.Qualitative research methodsQualitative methods are better for finding much than descriptive data and opinions because you interact with the research which lets you to explain any misunderstood querys and to go into further detail meaning you get a more factual answer. Methods that are categories under qualitative research melt down from case studies, oppugns, diary analysis and focus groups. For instance the producers of a film will pick out a group which has the profile of their target audience, and will show them the film. This can be do twain pre and post release if the film is not performing as well as predicted. The producer could accordingly use the focus groups response to alter or completely rethink, or dismantle go ahead and take nothing on board and confirm the look and content of the film. three-figure research methodsQuantitative research mainly is numerical data. It could be apply by producers of a film or by the company which is marketing it. UK based TV companys use the( Broadcasters Audience Research Board) BARB for short to analyse viewing ratings, plus radio station use ( wireless Joint Audience Research Limited) short for RAJAR will view the listening numbers. Qualitative and quantitative methods are constantly used together in dress to research the habits and preference of the target audience. In order to identify th e profile of the audience, producers may look at current demographic models has on age or gender, or they may try to create a new audience for their film.Creating a new audience is much harder to accomplish additionally a producer may have to come up with a film which is appealing to those that feel theres a gap in the industry, or gather a group of individuals together who all desire a possible reinvasion in the market. Finally when a target audience has been recognized, the film producer will then target the audience by development a series of carefully organised ad campaigns. The films could be promoted in newspapers that the target audience reads, also online sites which are frequently visited by the target audience, or show an ad when youre guaranteed the most viewing audience such as champions league games or X factor episodes.Primary research methodsPrimary research is any research thats done by an individual first hand. Theres a wide range of techniques for primary researc h from focus groups, oppugns, observations and questionnaires, all come under as primary since questions are being asked directly this is research that is done first hand.Primary research is more suitable for finding out detailed information since you wouldnt have to rely on anyone elses results to be correct since the individual would have pull together the necessary information themselves so they know everything was done exactly how they wanted so the information is reliable. Primary research can come in the categories of both qualitative and quantitative research since theres a variety of ways to call for this research.Detailed look at a fewer the primary research techniquesQuestionnaires are regularly used by researchers when they need to gather essential information from a number of people targeting certain groups by age, ethnicity, and gender even social class. There practically surveys that can be sent on the net in the post or hand out person to person. Its easy to anal yse questionnaires since its reasonable basically gathering numbers, in addition its a much cheaper but sometimes a more time consuming process to gather information.Then again on the down side questionnaires arent able to get hold of, detailed information since they typically have closed questions yes or no type or the listed options provided in questionnaire. Another potential problem with questionnaire is that the individual taking vocalisation in the questionnaire may get the wrong end of the leg about a particular question or just not understand completely. For that reason the individual organising the questionnaire may possibly not get the right results from the questionnaire. Possible way to evade this you could do a pilot study to examine the questionnaire and make any necessary alterations after.Interview interviews can be divided into three areas structured, semi structured, unstructured interviews. merged Structured interviews stick to a specific guideline with set qu estions sticking to the ones written. semitrailer structured Semi structured interviews have some questions however questions can be added on the spot to go into more detail with the questions.Unstructured lastly unstructured interviews have no questions set. The interviewer will bring up a topic with some questions in their head, similar to a casual conversation than anything.Interviews are mainly qualitative forms of research this method of research can very fruitful to the researcher since you are capable of sledding into more detail and thus gather further information for your research.On the other hand, the questions asked in an interview may be bias if the interviewer has their personal biased viewpoint placing their opinion in the questions. This may be done by the interviewer if they ask leaders questions for instance. Tell us the reason why you like this film, rather of do you like the film.Secondary research methodsSecondary research is gathered information that was don e by someone else and made accessible to the public. For instance through archives, the internet, and other media outlets such as the news all of these come under secondary data since the information that you receive from these sources is information that the individual never gathered themselves.Potentially secondary research maybe unreliable option of researching since the individual cant be sure that everything written is accurate since they never carried out the research themselves and they cant test it and get the same results. On the plus side secondary research is significantly cheaper and faster process to use since the information has been completed for you already by someone else.Detailed look at a few the secondary research techniquesThe most common practice of secondary research done nowhere old age is on the internet to think not too long ago we spent while copy the information on a copy machine. With the vast amount of online resources, traditional means of research don e by books seem out dated. Its now common for a student to complete an bear witness without opening a single book. However there are always pros and cons with any new technology. any(prenominal) people like to say theres a skill involved in finding a book in the library and searching.An Individual can ignore the entire topic that was read thoroughly for pertinent information. This may lead to more people getting the wrong end of the stick and not fellow feeling the subject matter. But its a free vast amount of information free for use for anybody much easier and less process, as well as getting qualitative information and opinions including polls, surveys, are simpler with the internet, assuming youre aware of where youre getting your information from. That could lead to a con since its not wise to use information from an unaccredited source, not from opinion based sites a lot of these sites around that look creditable but are far from itConsumer awarenessConsumer awareness is th e understanding that a consumer is knows his or her legal rights and duties. Its essential for a consumer to stick to these rights. Its implemented for the tribute of the consumer, so the consumer is not exploited. But the producers may look into consumer awareness to discover if their ad campaign successful or if its unsuccessful.NRSThe National Readership Survey NRS for short is provides the most dependable and respected audience research in operation for the advertising sector in the UK. The NRS reports on over 250 of the UKs mainstream newspapers and magazines, you get a sense of the size and nature of the audiences they attract. In this always evolving digital age the NRS still create partnerships with the leading digital data sources providing a clearer vision of the combined total audience future. This is a great source for gathering information since data posted on this site are available without subscription. Already fain for producers and so on only thing to do now is co mpare.Company StructureNRS Ltd is regulated and for the most part funded by three shareholders(IPA) The Institute of Practitioners in Advertising(NPA) The Newspaper Publishers linkup(PPA) The Periodical Publishers AssociationWhy are the surveys so important?The way surveys are carried out affects the estimations it produces. Particularly for media measurement surveys NRS indiscriminately selects individual aged 15+ in the UK. Only the chosen individuals may be interviewed to ensure that the surveys are clear and representative.The demographic characteristics wont have the same reading habits according to their lifestyle and availability. Its better for NRS to use random testing to reduce the favouritism towards people who are available for interview than others.The Interviews StructureA nonstop survey, all 12 months of the year, 7 days a week tally number around 36,000 interviews a year with adults aged 15+ per yearA random take interviews only conducted at randomly selected addr esses with randomly selected individualsThe average time for an hour takes half an hourhttp//www.nrs.co.uk/access.html

Hinduism, Buddhism, and the Human Condition Essay

Hinduism and Buddhism be both eastern traditions with much to say about the human condition as well as the primer human beings comprise at all. In some ways they are different opus also being similar in other ways. In this essay, those differences get out be discussed and the similarities examined for their message. In conclusion, we will examine what these two faiths offer to the human beings of the twenty-first century.According to Hinduism, at the most primary level, the aim of life is to perform ones social duty and live the exemplary life of the householder by marrying, having children, providing for them and observing the rituals required by the gods. Later, the Upanishads claimed that the purpose of life is to achieve unity with Brahman, the divine amount of all life. graciouss were not to pursue worldly goods but choose a life of austerity and try reason. This view is similar to what Buddhists believe the goal of life should be and they also share an business rel ationship of the human condition. Both Buddhism and Hinduism cite worldly attachment and ignorance of the true self as the causes of human scurvy which occurs in unending cycles (samsara or the wheel of death and rebirth) until we finally free ourselves from our own blindness. 3 Buddhism teaches that the reason for being a human is that it gives a soul a chance to finally achieve enlightenment, describing in detail what other varieties of conscious beings must endure because they do not have an opportunity to name merit or to perform dharma. The human being is a singular entity that may achieve enlightenment and become a Buddha through good works, right living, and meditation. 1 Hinduism, on the other hand, teaches that human beings exist to uphold the structure of dharma and perform the tasks strictly assigned (as described by Krishna in the Mahabharata) to them by their caste. Atman puts on one body and performs that function assigned at birth and then sheds that body when it gets old and dies and puts on a new one, repeating the process end slightly. The Upanishads, the final Vedic scripture, changed that to reflect the search of atman to be reunited with the linguistic universal soul through enlightenment. 3 Buddhism in the twenty-first century is still applicable in much(prenominal) a fast paced and confusing world. Despite all of our advanced science and technology, we understand even less our reason for existing and we k without delay more than ever just how big the universe is and how uncaring. These circumstances hinge on people to seek out uncannyity even today in order to achieve the basic comfort required for them to conduct their daily lives. The recent episodes of tremendous violence have placed an loathly patina of stifling ignorance over the religions of Christianity and Islam as they continue to carry on like demented spinsters in the decaying finery of their causality glory with no intention of acknowledging the catastrophe of thei r current circumstances. Buddhism, with its sterling values of moderation, peace, and detachment from the impermanent things of this world, now appears dignified and splendid as the ancient beauty of Asia to modern seekers.No longer do we seek judgment and rigid, inexplicable rules from our God, with the hellfire and damnation that once drove us onward. We crave logic and reek from our world and in those circumstances, this faith tells us that lusting after expensive cars and clothes which we do not posit will make us miserable. That is easy to understand. That makes sense. Use only what you need. Be compassionate to others, be charitable, head off violence, and respect all life. All these things are self-evident in their truth. If all people acted this way, we would not tactile property so violent and conflicted and we would be without suffering. These ideas are not ambiguous and do not require us to submit to a priesthood or clergy which may become corrupt and abusive. We only need to read, for ourselves, the teachings of Buddha and reflect on our own conduct.The same can be said for Hinduism, although because of the near-global distaste of the oppressive caste system and the fateful practice of Sati, or widow-burning, as well as the curse of untouchability, Hindus in India are convulsed with their own reforms of belief. Yoga, however, has seen a tremendous rise in popularity in the West because of the need for a system that brings mind, body, and spirit into sympathetic alignment.The tranquility offered by gurus who accept all backgrounds and beliefs in the search for God is a powerful win for modern people whose lives are often chaotic. There has been a long trend historically away from the mysteries of a powerful and omnipotent priesthood towards a more personal, private, and intimate relationship with the divine. The ancient beliefs of Asia were first spill among a patient and adaptable people who have endured for thousands of years and therefor e are well-suited to weather the spiritual storms of mankind. For these reasons, both Hinduism and Buddhism will remain relevant for ages to come.Resources utilized1. World Scripture (Unknown). Buddhism Chapter 7 The Human Condition. ONLINE lendable at http//www.unification.net/ws/intch7.htm. Last Accessed 11/22/2012. 2. Ananda W.P. Guruge (2000). Buddhism in Modern Life. ONLINE Available at http//www.urbandharma.org/udharma3/modern.html. Last Accessed 11/22/2012. 3. Shaheen Emmanuel Lakhan, MS, PhD (2009). The Human Being in The Eye of the Hindu. ONLINE Available at http//hinduism.about.com/cs/basics/a/aa120803a.htm. Last Accessed 11/22/2012. 4. Dr. Neria H. Hebbar (2002). Modern Hinduism. ONLINE Available at http//www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1494. Last Accessed 11/22/2012.

Negotiable Instruments in Banking

0 Assignment On passable Instruments in Banking Course Title Introduction to Banking Course Code FIN-305 Assigned To Mr. S. M. Athiqur Rahman Lecturer Dept. of argument Administration Leading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Prep atomic number 18d By Md. Inzamam-Ul Haq Talukder ID. 1101010342 ingredient E 7th Semester (27th Batch) Leading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh D eat OF SUBMISSION APRIL 21, 2013 i Declaration This assignment paper has been prep atomic number 18d by myself which is the title movable Instruments in Banking chthonic the supervision of Mr. S. M. Athiqur Rahman, Lecturer in Dept. f Business Administration, Leading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The duplication of this paper is nix with step forward the permission of Author. Author Md. Inzamam-Ul Haq Talukder ID. 1101010342 7th Semester (27th Batch) Leading University, Sylhet, Bangladesh ii Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the individuals to the phylogeny of this assignment paper Our class peer research group for the cooperation and camaraderie. I am also warmly thankful to my course teacher, Mr. S. M. Athiqur Rahman, Lecturer in Dept. f Business Administration, whose encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final examination level enabled me to develop an belowstanding of the subject. To my truly great friend suntanvir who has made available his support in a number of ways. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported us in any prise during the completion of the project. Md. Inzamam-Ul Haq Talukder Dept. of Business Administration ID. 1101010342 iii Contents Sl. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Chapters Contents Name Abstract Page itemize 1 2-4 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23First Chapter back Chapter Third Chapter Fourth Chapter Fifth Chapter Introduction General Context of the Study Data Collection and terminus ad quem Result and Discussion Conclusion References iv Abstract broadcastable shafts ar m ainly governed by severalise statutory uprightness. Every state has take member 3 of the Uniform mer female genital organtile Code (UCC), with most modifications, as the law governing conveyable movers. The UCC defines a assignable musical cats-pawate as an unconditi superstard piece of music that screams or hostels the ante upment of a fixed amount of funds. Drafts and nones be the two categories of musical pricks.A draft is an puppet that locates a payment to be made. An subject is a check. A note is an instrument that promises that a payment get out be made. Certificates of deposit (CDs) ar notes. Drafts and notes argon comm but substance abuse in business transactions to pay the movement of dandys and to secure and distribute loans. To be considered movable an instrument essential meet the requirements stated in Article 3. passable instruments do not include bullion, payment orders governed by article 4A (fund transfers) or to securities govern ed by Article 8 (investment securities).The rule of derivative title, which is relevant in most argonas of the law, does not allow a retention possessor to transfer practiceds in a piece of property greater than his own. If an instrument is passable this rule is suspended. A good faith purchaser, who does not create any knowledge of a blemish in the title or claims against it, takes title to the instrument unloosen of any defects or claims. In singing to the suspension of the rule of derivative title, Article 3 provides for warranties to protect the parties in transactions involving movable instruments.Checks are movable instruments but are mainly covered by Article 4 of the UCC. Secured transactions whitethorn contain negotiable instruments but are predominantly covered by Article 9 of the UCC. If on that point is a conflict between the Articles of the UCC both Article 4 and 9 govern over Article 3. 1 First chapter Introduction 2 1. 1. Statement of The Study The word ne gotiable kernel transferable by sales talk and the word instruments means a indite inscription by which a right is created in favor of a fewone. Thus, the term negotiable instruments typoly refer to a document containing rights that thunder mug be transferred by elivery. According to Section 13 (a) of the Act, Negotiable instrument means a promissory note, shoot of fare of supplant or deterrent collectable both to order or to bearer, whether the word order or bearer appear on the instrument or not. The rights that could be incorporated in negotiable instruments whitethorn be rights for payment of money arising out of various set abouts much(prenominal) as the contract of loan, sale, lease, or any other(a) contract performed by payment of a authoritative amount of money. Such rights may also arise from ownership in companies or loan made to the government or to a share company.The rights that are incorporated in negotiable instruments may be rights to receive goods under transit or deposited in a store. According to this provision, the toter of negotiable instruments understructure transfer the rights incorporated in the instrument by transferring the instrument. Similarly, a somebody who claims the rights incorporated in negotiable instruments may enforce or exercise them only if he has self-command of the instrument, i. e. , he should be a carrier to whom the instrument is issued or transferred following the rules governing its transfer.He essential also present the instrument to the mortal who is supposed to perform the tariffs arising out of the instrument. The accompaniment that the rights incorporated in negotiable instruments may be transferred by the transfer of the instrument and the fact that a individual may not exercise or enforce them unless he is in possession of the instrument are the two main features which distinguish negotiable instruments from other documents evidencing rights much(prenominal) as a title deeds w hose transfer does not transfer the rights they establish.Another point that has to be noted here is that negotiable instruments are issued or negotiated based on other contracts. For instance, a person may issue a bill of transform to repay the money he has borrowed from the payee, the company issues a share certificate or debenture certificate as demo of the persons right arising out of contract of federation creating the company or a contract of loan respectively. The warehouse person or the carrier issues the warehouse goods deposit certificate or the bill of lading / consignment note based on contracts of warehousing or carriage respectively.Finally, the definition of negotiable instruments under the Ethiopian law is much wider than the one adopted by most legal systems, particularly those following the Common Law tradition. This is evident from the Uniform Commercial Code of the United States and the circular of swaps Act of 1882, which restricts the concept to bills of turn, look intos and promissory notes. 3 1. 2. Objectives of the Study Objective means the main reason or the main goals of the probe. Here by and byward this study we should be able to- ? recognise meaning, essential characteristics and types of negotiable instruments ?Describe the meaning and marketing of cheques, crossing of cheques and cancellation of crossing of a cheque ? let off capacity and liability parties to a negotiable instruments and ? Understand various provisions of negotiable instrument Act, 1881 regarding negotiation, assignment, endorsement, acceptance, etcetera of negotiable instruments. 4 Second chapter General Context of the Study 5 2. 1. Literature Review The term, negotiable instrument means a written document which creates a right in favor of somewhat person and which is freely transferable.Although the Act mentions only these three instruments (such as a promissory note, a bill of exchange and cheque), it does not exclude the possibility of adding any other instrument which satisfies the following two conditions of negotiability a) the instrument should be freely transferable (by rescue or by endorsement. and lecture) by the custom of the trade and b) the person who obtains it in good faith and for value should get it free from all defects, and be entitled to withhold the money of the instrument in his own relate.A negotiable instrument is a document which includes a promise to pay a set affection of money to the bearer of the document either on select or on a minded(p) date. The instrument can be freely transferred without the need to say the person from whom it originated. Negotiable instruments are used to enable trade, because without them, people would be obliged to exchange money in person for all sorts of transactions, and this would quickly turn unsafe in addition to unwieldy.One simple example of a negotiable instrument is a check. A check is written out to the bearer for a detail amount. The bearer can tak e the check to a bank and deposit it, in that locationby transferring the obligation to the bank. The bearer can also sign the check over to someone else, another example of a transfer. Checks also demonstrate another important property of negotiable instruments, which is that people need to deal them in hand to redeem or negotiate them. If the document is lost, it cannot be called upon.As such, documents like share warrants payable to bearer, debentures payable to bearer and dividend warrants are negotiable instruments. But the money orders and postal orders, deposit receipts, share certificates, bill of lading, enter warrant, etc. are not negotiable instruments. Although they are transferable by delivery and endorsements, yet they are not able to give better title to the bona fide transferee for value than what the transferor has. 6 2. 2. Characteristics of a Negotiable Instrument A negotiable instrument has the following characteristics ? PropertyThe possessor of the negotiabl e instrument is presumed to be the owner of the property contained therein. A negotiable instrument does not merely give possession of the instrument but right to property also. The property in a negotiable instrument can be transferred without any formality. In the guinea pig of bearer instrument, the property passes by mere delivery to the transferee. In the courting of an order instrument, endorsement and delivery are required for the transfer of property. ? Title The transferee of a negotiable instrument is known as carrier in collectable course. A bona fide transferee for value is not affected by any defect of title on the part of the transferor or of any of the forward toters of the instrument. ? Rights The transferee of the negotiable instrument can sue in his own name, in case of shock. A negotiable instrument can be transferred any number of times till it is at adulthood. The holder of the instrument need not give handbill of transfer to the political party liab le on the instrument to pay. ? Presumptions Certain presumptions present to all negotiable instruments e. g. , a presumption that consideration has been paid under it.It is not necessary to write in a promissory note the words for value received or similar expressions because the payment of consideration is presumed. The words are usually included to create additional evidence of consideration. ? Prompt Payment A negotiable instrument enables the holder to expect prompt payment because a dishonor means the ruin of the credit of all persons who are parties to the instrument. 7 2. 3. The Nature and Purpose of Negotiable Instruments Negotiable instruments represent one form of property rights, i. e. exercised over incorporeal things chose in action. In other words, they are property rights in relation to objects of property which do not have physical or material existence and hence which cannot be perceived by the senses. A right of action under contract is a class of property known as chose in action and can be distinguished from a corporeal movable property/ a chose in possession which represent property rights exercised in relation to objects which have material or physical existence and hence can be perceived by the senses such as a book, a table or a watch.A holder of this type of property right moldiness have actual possession of the object to exercise rights arising there from. Rights incorporated in negotiable instruments, rights of an inventor arising out of a grant of a patent in respect of his invention, rights of a copyrights holder, and rights of a trader in respect of his trademark, trade name and goodwill are instances of chose in action. Negotiable instruments also represent one kind of contract as every instrument embodies a contract or promise to pay a certain amount of money or to deliver goods according to terms agreed up on.As contracts, the general rules of contract shall apply unless they are specifically excluded from application by the special law applicable to negotiable instruments. As a result, the requirements necessary for the constitution of a valid contract essential(prenominal) be fulfilled for issuance of a valid and enforceable negotiable instrument. Hence, the parties who sign a negotiable instrument must have capacity under the law to enter into juridical acts, i. e. , minors and judicially interdicted persons may not create a valid contract through negotiable instruments.Furthermore, as a contract, any declaration or promise made on negotiable instruments must be accompanied by the signature of the person bound by such declaration or promise. Failure to comply with the requirements as to capacity and signature may be increase as a defense against any person who claims based on the instrument even against the holder in due course who, under other cases, is considered to be free from defenses available against the person who transferred the instrument to him. The parties must give their consent, whi ch must be free from defects such as mistake, fraud, duress.The object of the contract must also be legal and possible. Where the contract does not fulfill requirements as to consent and object, a party affected may raise it as a defense to avoid the contract and liability under the instrument. However, because of the special nature of these instruments, such defenses cannot be raised against a person, who acquires the instrument following the rules of transfer applicable to the instrument, and in good faith. 8 The main purpose of negotiable instruments is facilitation of commercial transactions.Commercial instruments are substitutes for money and are used as means of performance of money obligations. Dealing with them reduces the risk of loss or thievery and the ease with which they can be transferred creates convenience which will in turn facilitate business. Transferable securities have the purpose of raising capital in the form of contributions made by purchase of shares and bon ds, which is used for first new businesses or expansion of existing businesses thereby increasing the production of goods and operate in the country.A document of title to goods, whose negotiation transfers the goods represented by them, creates convenience and facilitates transactions involving the goods. For instance, a person selling warehoused goods can do so by endorsing and transferring the certificate of deposit and without the need to actually deliver the objects. When we come to the specific purposes of commercial instruments, promissory notes can be used as means of borrowing money, buying goods and services on credit and as method of evidencing a pre-existing debt.Certificates of deposit can be used as a device for encouraging individuals to deposit funds in banks in return the holder of the certificate has the right to receive interest. Bills of exchange on the other hand have the purpose of store accounts financing, the movement of goods, and transfer funds. Checks s erve as vehicles for transfer of money and also used to aid in keeping records, reduces the risk of loss and destruction and theft of currencies. 9 2. 4.Types of Negotiable Instrument Section 13 of the Negotiable Instruments Act states that a negotiable instrument is a promissory note, bill of exchange or a cheque payable either to order or to bearer. Negotiable instruments recognized by decree are (i) Promissory notes (ii) Bills of exchange (iii) Cheques. Negotiable instruments recognized by practice or custom are (i) Hundis (ii) Share warrants (iii) Dividend warrants (iv) Bankers draft (v) Circular notes (vi) Bearer debentures (vii) Debentures of Bombay Port Trust (viii) Railway receipts (ix) Delivery orders. 2. 4. 1.Promissory Notes Section 4 of the Act defines, A promissory note is an instrument in writing (note being a bank-note or a currency note) containing an unconditional undertaking, signed by the cleric, to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of a certain pe rson, or to the bearer of the instruments. Essential elements 1. It must be in writing 2. It must certainly an express promise or clear understanding to pay 3. Promise to pay must be unconditional 4. It should be signed by the maker 5. The maker must be certain 6. The payee must be certain 7. The promise should be to pay money and money only 8.The amount should be certain and 9. Other formalities regarding number, place, date, consideration etc. 10 2. 4. 2. Bill of Exchange Section 5 of the Act defines, A bill of exchange is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument. A bill of exchange, therefore, is a written acknowledgement of the debt, written by the creditor and authoritative by the debtor. There are usually three parties to a bill of exchange draftsman, acceptor or drawer and payee.draftsman himself may be the payee. Essential conditions of a bill of exchange 1. It must be in writing. 2. It must be signed by the drawer. 3. The drawer, drawee and payee must be certain. 4. The sum payable must also be certain. 5. It should be properly stamped. 6. It must contain an express order to pay money and money alone. 7. The order must be unconditional. Bills can be classified as ? Inland and foreign bills. ? Time and posit bills. ? Trade and accommodation bills. 2. 4. 3. Cheques Section 6 of the Act defines A cheque is a bill of exchange worn-out on a undertake banker, and not expressed to be payable otherwise than on demand.A cheque is bill of exchange with two more qualifications, namely, (i) it is always displace on a specified banker, and (ii) it is always payable on demand. Consequently, all cheques are bill of exchange, but all bills are not cheque. A cheque must satisfy all the requirements of a bill of exchange that is, it must be signed by the drawer, and must contain an uncondi tional order on a specified banker to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the cheque. It does not require acceptance. 11Specimen of a Cheque ABC Bank Date_____________ Pay Aor the bearer sum of rupeesonly. Rs-/A/c NoLFSd/No Distinction between Bills of Exchange and Cheque 1. A bill of exchange is usually drawn on some person or firm, spell a cheque is always drawn on a bank. 2. It is essential that a bill of exchange must be accepted before its payment can be claimed a cheque does not require any such acceptance. . A cheque can only be drawn payable on demand, a bill may be also drawn payable on demand, or on the expiry of a certain period after date or sight. 4. A grace of three days is allowed in the case of time bills while no grace is given in the case of a cheque. 5. The drawer of the bill is discharged from his liability, if it is not presented for payment, but the drawer of a cheque is discharged only if he suffers any damage by delay in presenting the cheque for payment. 6. Notice of dishonor of a bill is necessary, but no such notice is necessary in the case of cheque. . A cheque may be crossed, but not needed in the case of bill. 8. A bill of exchange must be properly stamped, while a cheque does not require any stamp. 9. A cheque drawn to bearer payable on demand shall be valid but a bill payable on demand can never be drawn to bearer. 10. Unlike cheques, the payment of a bill cannot be countermanded by the drawer. 12 2. 4. 4. Hundis A Hundi is a negotiable instrument written in an oriental language. The term hundi includes all indigenous negotiable instruments whether they be in the form of notes or bills.The word hundi is said to be derived from the Sanskrit word hundi, which means to collect. They are quite popular among the Indian merchants from very old days. They are used to finance trade and craft and provide a fascicle and sound medium of currency and credit. Hundis are governed by the cust om and usage of the locality in which they are intended to be used and not by the provision of the Negotiable Instruments Act. In case there is no customary rule known as to a certain point, the court may apply the provisions of the Negotiable Instruments Act.It is also open to the parties to expressly exclude the applicability of any custom relating to hundis by agreement (lndur Chandra vs. Lachhmi Bibi, 7 B. I. R. 682). 2. 5. Parties to Negotiable Instruments 2. 5. 1. a) b) c) d) 2. 5. 2. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) 2. 5. 3. a) b) c) d) Parties to a Promissory Note producer Payee Holder The ratifier and indorsee (the same as in the case of a bill) Parties to Bill of Exchange Drawer Drawee Acceptor Payee Indorser Indorsee Holder Drawee in case of need Acceptor for honor Parties to a Cheque Drawer Drawee Payee The holder, indorser and indorsee (the same as in the case of a bill or note). 3 2. 6. Functions of Negotiable Instruments Negotiable instruments serve the following functio ns ? Substitute for money ? Credit device ? Record-keeping device Most purchases by businesses and more individuals are made by negotiable instruments instead of cash. 2. 7. Endorsement The word endorsement in its literal sense means, writing on the back of an instrument. But under the Negotiable Instruments Act it means, the writing of ones name on the back of the instrument or any paper attached to it with the conception of transferring the rights therein.Thus, endorsement is signing a negotiable instrument for the purpose of negotiation. The person who effects an endorsement is called an endorser, and the person to whom negotiable instrument is transferred by endorsement is called the endorsee. Essentials of a valid endorsement The following are the essentials of a valid endorsement 1. It must be on the instrument. The endorsement may be on the back or face of the instrument and if no space is left on the instrument, it may be made on a separate paper attached to it called allo nage. It should usually be in ink. 2.It must be made by the maker or holder of the instrument. A stranger cannot endorse it. 3. It must be signed by the endorser. Full name is not essential. 4. It may be made either by the endorser merely signing his name on the instrument (it is a blank endorsement) or by any words showing an objective to endorse or transfer the instrument to a specified person (it is an endorsement in full). 5. It must be completed by delivery of the instrument. The delivery must be made by the endorser himself or by somebody on his behalf with the intention of passing property therein. 6.It must be an endorsement of the entire bill. A partial endorsement i. e. which purports to transfer to the endorse a part only of the amount payable does not operate as a valid endorsement. If delivery is conditional, endorsement is not complete until the condition is fulfilled. 14 The payee of an instrument is the rightful person to make the first endorsement. Thereafter the i nstrument may be endorsed by any person who has become the holder of the instrument. The maker or the drawer cannot endorse the instrument but if any of them has become the holder thereof he may endorse the instrument (Sec. 51).The maker or drawer cannot endorse or negotiate an instrument unless he is in lawful possession of instrument or is the holder there of. A payee or indorsee cannot endorse or negotiate unless he is the holder there of. 2. 8. Dishonor of a Negotiable Instrument When a negotiable instrument is dishonour, the holder must give a notice of dishonor to all the previous parties in order to make them liable. A negotiable instrument can be dishonored either by non-acceptance or by non-payment. A cheque and a promissory note can only be dishonored by non-payment but a bill of exchange can be dishonored either by nonacceptance or by non-payment. . 8. 1. Dishonor by non-acceptance (Section 91) A bill of exchange can be dishonored by non-acceptance in the following ways 1. If a bill is presented to the drawee for acceptance and he does not accept it within 48 hours from the time of display for acceptance. When there are several drawees even if one of them makes a default in acceptance, the bill is deemed to be dishonored unless these several drawees are partners. 2. When the drawee is a fictitious person or if he cannot be traced after reasonable search. 3.When the drawee is incompetent to contract, the bill is treated as dishonored. 4. When a bill is accepted with a adapted acceptance, the holder may treat the bill of exchange having been dishonored. 5. When the drawee has either become insolvent or is dead. 6. When presentment for acceptance is excused and the bill is not accepted. 15 2. 8. 2. Dishonor by non-payment (Section 92) A bill after being accepted has got to be presented for payment on the date of its maturity. If the acceptor fails to make payment when it is due, the bill is dishonored by nonpayment.In the case of a promissory note if the maker fails to make payment on the due date the note is dishonored by non-payment. A cheque is dishonored by non-payment as concisely as a banker refuses to pay. An instrument is also dishonored by non-payment when presentment for payment is excused and the instrument when overdue remains unpaid (Sec 76). 2. 9. Working Definitions ? Negotiable means transferable. The negotiation that goes on refers to the transfer of the instrument between two people, or from one bank to another, or even from one country to another. In the broadest sense, almost any agreed-upon medium of exchange could be considered a negotiable instrument. In day-to-day banking, a negotiable instrument usually refers to checks, drafts, bills of exchange, and some types of promissory notes. ? A Negotiable Instrument is a written order promising to pay a sum of money. ? Banking is the business activity of accepting and safeguarding money possess by other individuals and entities, and then lending out this mo ney in order to earn a profit. 16 Third chapter Data Collection and Limitation 17 3. 1. Sources of the Data Secondary Sources For making this study paper, I have store necessary data from various secondary sources, where data already exists. Because it is cheaper to use and easy to find than having to carry out the research again. Secondary information such as definitions, instruments insights and functions were collected from books of different authors, internet articles and various researches. 3. 2. Limitations of the Data Collection Every study, no matter how well it is conducted has some limitations. When making this assignment, there were also some unavoidable limitations.First, because of the limited time limit, this study was conducted only on a small amount of data. Therefore, this study is little less informative. Also lack of required data. lack of in-depth knowledge of the topic. Finally, the complexity of the study, as well as the scarcity of related information might falling off the performance of the research. 18 Fourth chapter Result and Discussion 19 4. 1. Findings In this study I have found a lot of essential knowledge about Negotiable Instruments that are used in banking sectors. Some of them are given below? The instruments should be freely transferable.An instrument cannot be negotiable unless it is such and in such state that the true owner could transfer by simple delivery or endorsement and delivery. ? Negotiability involves two elements namely, transferability free from equities and transferability by delivery or endorsement. ? The holder of the instrument is presumed to be the owner of the property contained in it. ? ? All Negotiable Instruments are freely transferable. The instrument is transferable till maturity and in case of cheques till it becomes stale (on the expiry of 6 months from the date of issue). Certain equal presumptions are applicable to all negotiable instruments unless the contrary is proved. ? Finally, every negot iable instrument was made or drawn for consideration irrespective of the consideration mentioned in the instrument or not. 20 Fifth chapter Conclusion 21 5. 1. Final decision In this study we have understood the concept of Negotiable Instruments and how different negotiable instruments are supporting Banking Sectors. A negotiable instrument is a piece of paper which entitles a person to a sum of money and which is transferable from one person to another by mere delivery or by endorsement and delivery.The characteristics of a negotiable instrument are easy negotiability, transferee gets good title, and also transferee gets a right to sue in his own name and certain presumptions which apply to all negotiable instruments. There are two types of negotiable instruments (a) Recognized by statue Promissory notes, Bill of exchange and cheques and (b) Recognized by usage Hundis, Bill of lading, Share warrant, Dividend warrant, Railway receipts, Delivery orders etc.The parties to bill of exch ange are drawer, drawee, acceptor, payee, indorser, indorsee, holder, drawee in case of need and acceptor for honor. The parties to a promissory note are maker, payee, holder, indorser and indorsee while parties to cheque are drawer, drawee, payee, holder, indorser and indorsee. Negotiation of an instrument is a process by which the ownership of the instrument is transferred by one person to another. There are two methods of negotiation by mere delivery and by endorsement.In its literal sense, the term indorsement means writing on an instrument but in its technical sense, under the Negotiable Instrument Act, it means the writing of a persons name on the face or back of a negotiable instrument or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, for the purpose of negotiation. A bill may be dishonored by non-acceptance (since only bills require acceptance) or by non-payment, while a promissory note and cheque may be dishonored by non-payment only. Noting means recording of the fact of dishonor by a notary man on the bill or paper or both partly.Protest is a formal notarial certificate attesting the dishonor of the bill. The term discharge in relation to negotiable instrument is used in two senses, videlicet , (a) discharge of one or more parties from liability thereon, and (b) discharge of the instrument. 22 References Michael D. Floyd. Mastering Negotiable Instruments Ucc Articles 3 and 4 and Other Payment Systems (Mastering Series). Published Jun 30, 2008 Law of Negotiable Instruments, 6th edition 2007 By Tan Peng Chin LLC Chapter 73 Negotiable Instruments http//www. eg. state. or. us/ors/073. html DocsFiles http//docsfiles. com/pdf_ negotiab le_instruments. html Ethiopian Legal Brief http//chilot. me/teaching-materials/insurance-banking-and-negotiable-instruments/ FindThatDoc http//www. findthatdoc. com/search-95781382-hPDF/download-documents-bltch19pdf. htm Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument Wikipedia, the free encycl opedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Negotiable_Instruments_Act,_1881 23